Īfter the 13th Dalai Lama's death in 1933, a condolence mission sent to Lhasa by the Nationalist government to start negotiations about Tibet's status was allowed to open an office and remain there, although no agreement was reached. In 1931 and again in 1946, the Tibetan government sent emissaries to the Chinese National Assembly to discuss Tibet's status but they came back empty-handed. With its proclamation of independence and conduct of its own internal and external affairs in this period, Tibet is regarded as a ' de facto independent state' as per international law, although its independence was not formally recognized by any Western power. Tibet and Mongolia also signed a treaty proclaiming mutual recognition of their independence from China. The Dalai Lama declared that Tibet's relationship with China ended with the fall of the Qing dynasty and proclaimed independence. However, it was unable to assert any authority in Tibet. When the Provisional Government of the Republic of China replaced the Qing dynasty as the government of China, it signed a treaty with the Qing government inheriting all territories of the imperial government into the new republic. The Tibetan Ganden Phodrang regime was a protectorate of the Qing dynasty until 1912.

The polity of Tibet was a de facto independent state between the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1951. Without proper rendering support, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters. 'Tibet' in Chinese (top) and Tibetan (bottom)

Kingdom of war part 1